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101.
Zhiyong Xie Zhen Zhao Axel Möller Hendrik Wolschke Lutz Ahrens Renate Sturm Ralf Ebinghaus 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(11):7988-8000
Concentrations of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sufonamidoethanols (FASEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), have been simultaneously determined in surface seawater and the atmosphere of the North Sea. Seawater and air samples were taken aboard the German research vessel Heincke on the cruise 303 from 15 to 24 May 2009. The concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs in the dissolved phase were 2.6–74, <0.1–19, <0.1–63, and <1.0–9.0 pg L?1, respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in the estuary of the Weser and Elbe rivers and a decreasing concentration profile appeared with increasing distance from the coast toward the central part of the North Sea. Gaseous FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs were in the range of 36–126, 3.1–26, 3.7–19, and 0.8–5.6 pg m?3, which were consistent with the concentrations determined in 2007 in the North Sea, and approximately five times lower than those reported for an urban area of Northern Germany. These results suggested continuous continental emissions of neutral PFASs followed by transport toward the marine environment. Air–seawater gas exchanges of neutral PFASs were estimated using fugacity ratios and the two-film resistance model based upon paired air–seawater concentrations and estimated Henry's law constant values. Volatilization dominated for all neutral PFASs in the North Sea. The air–seawater gas exchange fluxes were in the range of 2.5?×?103–3.6?×?105 pg m?2 for FTOHs, 1.8?×?102–1.0?×?105 pg m?2 for FASAs, 1.1?×?102–3.0?×?105 pg m?2 for FASEs and 6.3?×?102–2.0?×?104 pg m?2 for FTACs, respectively. These results suggest that the air–seawater gas exchange is an important process that intervenes in the transport and fate for neutral PFASs in the marine environment. 相似文献
102.
103.
Tran Minh Tuyen Axel Michaelowa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):723-740
For projects under the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation
of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data
for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to
collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus
is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the
rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects.
The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g CO2/kWh depending on the specification. The weighted operating and build margin reaches 600 g for 2003, while grid average reaches
399 g. Using three-year averages, a combined build and operating margin of 705 g is calculated. We hope that these data facilitate
CDM project development in the electricity supply and energy efficiency improvement in Vietnam. 相似文献
104.
Michaelowa Axel Schmidt Holger 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1997,2(1):45-56
Joint Implementation is a theoretically efficient instrument of climate policy at least in the short run. This need not apply
for the long run. Joint Implementation can reduce innovation in the industrialized countries because of reduced incentives
for emission reduction. To realize short run efficiency gains and to avoid long run efficiency losses, we need a ‘strategic’
climate policy. This policy should start with full crediting of Joint Implementation allowing short-run efficiency gains which
can foster technology transfer and thus lead to ‘leapfrogging’ by developing countries. Over time, the crediting ratio should
be gradually reduced while domestic carbon taxes are raised. Experiences from the second oil shock have shown that energy-saving
innovation is positively correlated to energy prices. Both, the reduced crediting and the raising domestic carbon tax, will
therefore lead to long-run innovation. 相似文献
105.
Fischer A Oehm C Selle M Werner P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(6):381-386
Background Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a fuel additive which is used all over the world. In recent years it has often been
found in groundwater, mainly in the USA, but also in Europe. Although MTBE seems to be a minor toxic, it affects the taste
and odour of water at concentrations of < 30 μg/L. Although MTBE is often a recalcitrant compound, it is known that many ethers
can be degraded by abiotic means. The aim of this study was to examine biotic and abiotic transformations of MTBE with respect
to the particular conditions of a contaminated site (former refinery) in Leuna, Germany.
Methods Groundwater samples from wells of a contaminated site were used for aerobic and anaerobic degradation experiments. The abiotic
degradation experiment (hydrolysis) was conducted employing an ion-exchange resin and MTBE solutions in distilled water. MTBE,
tertiary butyl formate (TBF) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) were measured by a gas chromatograph with flame ionisation detector
(FID). Aldehydes and organic acids were respectively analysed by a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (ECD)
and high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC).
Results and Discussion Under aerobic conditions, MTBE was degraded in laboratory experiments. Only 4 of a total of 30 anaerobic experiments exhibited
degradation, and the process was very slow. In no cases were metabolites detected, but a few degradation products (TBF, TBA
and formic acid) were found on the site, possibly due to the lower temperatures in groundwater. The abiotic degradation of
MTBE with an ion-exchange resin as a catalyst at pH 3.5 was much faster than hydrolysis in diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 1.0).
Conclusion Although the aerobic degradation of MTBE in the environment seems to be possible, the specific conditions responsible are
widely unknown. Successful aerobic degradation only seems to take place if there is a lack of other utilisable compounds.
However, MTBE is often accompanied by other fuel compounds on contaminated sites and anaerobic conditions prevail. MTBE is
often recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions, at least in the presence of other carbon sources. The abiotic hydrolysis of
MTBE seems to be of secondary importance (on site), but it might be possible to enhance it with catalysts.
Recommendation and Outlook MTBE only seems to be recalcitrant under particular conditions. In some cases, the degradation of MTBE on contaminated sites
could be supported by oxygen. Enhanced hydrolysis could also be an alternative.
- * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August
to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
Axel J. Griner 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(6):965-971
ABSTRACT: As part of a larger model to identify lands suitable for acquisition, a water supply protection model was developed using the Southwest Florida Water Management District's GIS. Several hydrologic and hydrogeologic data layers were overlaid to develop maps showing ground-water supply suitability, protection areas for surface-water supply, protection areas for major public supply wells, susceptibility to ground-water contamination, and recharge to the Floridan aquifer. These intermediate layers were combined into a final map to prioritize protection areas for water supply. 相似文献
109.
A common approach for remediation of groundwater contamination with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is contaminant stripping by means of in situ air sparging (IAS). For VOC stripping, pressurized air is injected into the contaminated groundwater volume, followed by the extraction of the contaminant-loaded exhaust gas from the vadose soil zone and its immediate on-site treatment. Progress assessment of such remediation measure necessitates information (i) on the spatial range of the IAS influence and (ii) on temporal variations of the IAS efficiency. In the present study it was shown that the naturally occurring noble gas radon can be used as suitable environmental tracer for achieving the related spatial and temporal information. Due to the distinct water/air partitioning behaviour of radon and due to its straightforward on-site detectability, the radon distribution pattern in the groundwater can be used as appropriate measure for assessing the progression of an IAS measure as a function of space and time. The presented paper discusses both the theoretical background of the approach and the results of an IAS treatment accomplished at a VOC contaminated site lasting six months, during which radon was applied as efficiency indicator. 相似文献
110.
This study was undertaken to further clarify whether the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (Linnaeus 1758), is a gonochorist, a facultative or an obligate hermaphrodite. Juvenile shrimps were sampled from intertidal
habitats along the German Wadden Sea coast with a push net and from a power plant water inlet to quantify the share of primary
females. Length-based sex ratios were determined for about 27,000 individuals using external characteristics. Observed sex
ratios were mainly female-biased, and also large males occurred regularly in the catch. This indicates that sex at hatch is
not male as would be characteristic for an obligate protandric hermaphrodite and that not all male shrimps change sex. A cohort-based
computer simulation, including sex-specific growth rates, mortality and seasonally varying recruitment, generated sex ratios
comparable to the field. The observed decline in the proportion of males with increasing size can be explained solely by faster
growth of females without involving hermaphroditism. Based on temperature-dependent growth and moult rates as well as length-specific
numbers of eggs per female, the potential egg production of primary and secondary females was modelled, yielding contributions
of secondary females of <1%. Sex change in C. crangon has previously been observed and may be interpreted as an evolutionary relict of this species having evolved in a habitat
characterized by lower population densities, lower predation levels and increased longevity compared to today’s living conditions
in North Sea coastal waters. 相似文献